Newborn Reflexes
Involuntary movements present at birth that indicate normal nervous system development.
| Present from | Birth |
| Duration | Most fade by 4–6 months |
| Purpose | Survival, protection, developmental assessment |
Primary Reflexes
| Reflex | Trigger | Response | Disappears |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rooting | Stroke cheek or mouth | Turns head, opens mouth | 3–4 months |
| Sucking | Object touches roof of mouth | Rhythmic sucking | 2–4 months (voluntary sucking continues) |
| Moro (startle) | Sudden noise or head drop | Arms fling out, then draw in | 3–6 months |
| Grasp (palmar) | Object placed in palm | Fingers close tightly | 5–6 months |
| Stepping | Feet touch flat surface (held upright) | Walking motion | 2 months |
| Tonic neck (fencing) | Head turned to one side | Arm extends on that side, opposite arm bends | 5–7 months |
Protective Reflexes
- Gag reflex — Prevents choking; present throughout life
- Blink reflex — Protects eyes from bright light or objects; permanent
- Withdrawal reflex — Pulls limb away from painful stimulus; permanent
Clinical Significance
Paediatricians assess reflexes at birth and follow-up appointments. Absent, weak, or persistent reflexes beyond expected age may indicate:
- Nerve damage
- Brain injury
- Developmental delay
- Neurological conditions
Asymmetric reflexes (stronger on one side) require immediate evaluation—may indicate birth trauma or stroke.
What to Expect
Weeks 1–4: All reflexes strong and easily triggered. Moro reflex may wake baby during sleep transitions.
Months 2–3: Rooting and sucking become voluntary. Stepping reflex fades. Grasp remains strong.
Months 4–6: Most primitive reflexes disappear as voluntary motor control develops. Persistent reflexes beyond 6 months warrant GP consultation.
Practical Notes
- Moro reflex — Swaddling reduces startle response and improves sleep
- Grasp reflex — Baby cannot voluntarily release; do not hang from your fingers unsupported
- Stepping reflex — Not related to walking age; disappears before true walking begins (10–15 months)
See also: [[Developmental Milestones]], [[Newborn Examination]], [[Motor Development]], [[Sleep Safety]], Swaddling