newborn Physical Examination
A systematic assessment of a newborn's physical health, typically performed within 72 hours of birth and again at 6-8 weeks.
Quick Facts
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| When performed | Within 72 hours of birth; repeated at 6-8 weeks |
| Duration | 10-15 minutes |
| Performed by | Paediatrician, GP, or trained midwife |
| Coverage | Free on NHS (UK) |
Purpose and Scope
The newborn physical examination (NIPE) screens for congenital conditions and ensures normal development. The examination covers:
- Head and eyes: Skull shape, fontanelles, red reflex test for cataracts
- Heart: Heart sounds, femoral pulses, signs of congenital heart disease
- Hips: Ortolani and Barlow tests for developmental dysplasia
- Testes: Descended testes in boys (cryptorchidism screening)
- General: Skin colour, tone, reflexes, spine, palate
What Parents Should Know
Before the examination:
- Baby should be calm and preferably fed
- Examination room will be warm
- You may undress your baby or the examiner will do so
Common findings that are normal:
- Milia (tiny white spots on face)
- Mongolian blue spots (bluish patches on skin)
- Positional skull asymmetry
- Umbilical hernia
- Breast tissue swelling (both sexes)
Red flags requiring follow-up:
- Heart murmurs (most are innocent but require monitoring)
- Hip clicks or limited movement
- Absent red reflex
- undescended testes
Results and Follow-Up
Results are recorded in your child's Personal Child Health Record (Red Book). If concerns arise, you'll receive:
- Clear explanation of findings
- Referral to specialist if needed (typically within 2 weeks for urgent issues)
- Follow-up appointment scheduling
Most babies (95%) have completely normal examinations.
See Also
red-book | developmental-dysplasia-of-the-hip | newborn-reflexes | jaundice-in-newborns | six-week-check
Note: General guidance only. Consult a healthcare provider for specific concerns.